Anglo Saxon Landscapes at the Time of the Norman Conquest

Anglo Saxon Landscapes at the Time of the Norman Conquest Anglo-Saxons experienced incredible adjustments to their daily lives in the latter half of the eleventh century due to the accession of the Normans. At the time of the conquest, the Normans surpassed the Anglo-Saxons in building design and cultivation. Anglo Saxon Landscapes Time Norman Conquest 13043104508079.jpg

Anglo Saxon Landscapes Time Norman Conquest 13043104508079.jpg

Nonetheless the Normans had to pacify the entire territory before they could concentrate on home life, domestic architecture, and decoration. Most often built upon windy peaks, castles were basic structures that allowed their inhabitants to spend time and space to offensive and defensive programs, while monasteries were rambling stone buildings commonly installed in only the most fecund, broad valleys. The sterile fortresses did not provide for the peaceful avocation of gardening. Berkeley Castle, perhaps the most pristine model of the early Anglo-Norman style of architecture, still exists now. The keep is said to date from William the Conqueror's time period. As a technique of deterring attackers from tunneling underneath the walls, an immense terrace encompasses the building. A picturesque bowling green, enveloped in grass and bordered by battlements clipped out of an ancient yew hedge, creates one of the terraces.

Rome’s Ingenious Water Transport Systems

Rome’s Ingenious Water Transport Systems Rome’s very first elevated aqueduct, Aqua Anio Vetus, was built in 273 BC; before that, residents residing at higher elevations had to depend on natural streams for their water.

If residents residing at higher elevations did not have accessibility to springs or the aqueduct, they’d have to be dependent on the remaining existing technologies of the day, cisterns that accumulated rainwater from the sky and subterranean wells that received the water from under ground. In the early 16th century, the city began to make use of the water that flowed beneath the earth through Acqua Vergine to furnish drinking water to Pincian Hill. As originally constructed, the aqueduct was provided along the length of its channel with pozzi (manholes) constructed at regular intervals. While these manholes were provided to make it easier to protect the aqueduct, it was also feasible to use containers to pull water from the channel, which was practiced by Cardinal Marcello Crescenzi from the time he acquired the property in 1543 to his death in 1552. The cistern he had constructed to collect rainwater wasn’t sufficient to meet his water needs. Thankfully, the aqueduct sat just below his property, and he had a shaft opened to give him access.

The Circulation of Garden Water Fountains Engineering Knowledge in Europe

The Circulation of Garden Water Fountains Engineering Knowledge in Europe The published documents and illustrated books of the day contributed to the advancements of scientific technology, and were the chief methods of spreading practical hydraulic information and water fountain suggestions throughout Europe. In the late 1500's, a French water feature developer (whose name has been lost) was the internationally distinguished hydraulics pioneer. His competence in making landscapes and grottoes with built-in and brilliant water features began in Italy and with mandates in Brussels, London and Germany. He wrote a book entitled “The Principles of Moving Forces” toward the end of his lifetime while in France that turned into the essential tome on hydraulic technology and engineering. Circulation Garden Water Fountains Engineering Knowledge Europe 8096586422733.jpg

Circulation Garden Water Fountains Engineering Knowledge Europe 8096586422733.jpg

Explaining modern hydraulic technologies, the book furthermore modified critical hydraulic breakthroughs of classical antiquity. As a mechanized method to move water, Archimedes invented the water screw, fundamental among vital hydraulic advancements. Sunlight heated the liquid in a pair of hidden containers adjoining to the ornamental water feature were shown in an illustration. Actuating the fountain is heated liquid which expands and ascends to seal up the water lines. Models for pumps, water wheels, water features and garden ponds are also mentioned in the publication.

The City Of Rome, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, And Outdoor Water Fountains

The City Of Rome, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, And Outdoor Water Fountains There are many celebrated water features in Rome’s city center. One of the best ever sculptors and artists of the 17th century, almost all of them were planned, conceptualized and built by Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Traces of his life's work are apparent throughout the roads of Rome because, in addition to his capabilities as a water feature builder, he was additionally a city architect. A celebrated Florentine sculptor, Bernini's father mentored his young son, and they eventually moved to Rome to totally showcase their art, chiefly in the form of public water fountains and water fountains. City Rome, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Outdoor Water Fountains 7813971146289659228.jpg

City Rome, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Outdoor Water Fountains 7813971146289659228.jpg

An excellent worker, the young Bernini earned compliments and the backing of many popes and important artists. His sculpture was initially his claim to popularity. He used his ability and melded it effortlessly with Roman marble, most significantly in the Vatican. He was influenced by many a great artists, however, Michelangelo had the biggest effect on his work.