Anglo-Saxon Grounds During the Norman Conquest

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Anglo-Saxon Grounds During the Norman Conquest The introduction of the Normans in the later half of the eleventh century substantially modified The Anglo-Saxon ways of living. The expertise of the Normans exceeded the Anglo-Saxons' in design and agriculture at the time of the conquest. However the Normans had to pacify the entire territory before they could focus on home life, domestic architecture, and decoration. Most often designed upon windy peaks, castles were straightforward structures that allowed their occupants to devote time and space to offensive and defensive programs, while monasteries were rambling stone buildings generally installed in only the most fecund, extensive valleys. Gardening, a placid occupation, was unfeasible in these fruitless fortifications. Berkeley Castle is most likely the most intact model in existence nowadays of the early Anglo-Norman style of architecture. The keep is said to date from William the Conqueror's time period. A massive terrace serves as a hindrance to invaders who would attempt to mine the walls of the building. On one of these parapets is a scenic bowling green covered in grass and bordered by an aged hedge of yew that has been shaped into coarse battlements.

The Circulation of Outdoor Garden Fountain Manufacturing Knowledge in Europe

The Circulation of Outdoor Garden Fountain Manufacturing Knowledge in Europe Instrumental to the advancement of scientific technology were the printed papers and illustrated publications of the day. They were also the main method of transferring practical hydraulic facts and fountain design suggestions all through Europe. An internationally recognized pioneer in hydraulics in the late 1500's was a French fountain designer, whose name has been lost to history. By designing landscapes and grottoes with integrated and ingenious water features, he started off his career in Italy by receiving imperial commissions in Brussels, London and Germany. The book, “The Principles of Moving Forces,” written towards the end of his life in France, turned into the fundamental writing on hydraulic mechanics and engineering. The publication updated crucial hydraulic discoveries since classical antiquity as well as explaining modern day hydraulic technologies. Archimedes, the inventor of the water screw, had his work highlighted and these integrated a mechanized way to move water. Sunlight heating water in two containers unseen in a room adjacent to an decorative fountain was shown in one illustration. The end result: the water fountain is stimulated by the heated liquid expanding and rising up the piping. Designs for pumps, water wheels, water attributes and garden ponds are also included in the guide.

The Godfather Of Roman Garden Fountains

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The Godfather Of Roman Garden Fountains There are countless celebrated fountains in Rome’s city center. Nearly all of them were planned, designed and built by one of the greatest sculptors and designers of the 17th century, Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Also a city builder, he had abilities as a water feature developer, and records of his life's work are apparent throughout the roads of Rome. Bernini's father, a renowned Florentine sculptor, mentored his young son, and they ultimately moved to Rome, in order to fully express their art, primarily in the form of public water fountains and water features. An exceptional worker, Bernin earned compliments and the patronage of popes and important artists. His sculpture was initially his claim to fame. He used his expertise and melded it effortlessly with Roman marble, most significantly in the Vatican. Although many artists had an influence on his work, Michelangelo had the most profound effect.