Builders of the First Fountains
Builders of the First Fountains Often working as architects, sculptors, artists, engineers and highly educated scholars all in one, from the 16th to the late 18th century, fountain designers were multi-faceted individuals, During the Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci illustrated the artist as an innovative intellect, inventor and scientific virtuoso. With his astounding curiosity regarding the forces of nature, he explored the qualities and movement of water and systematically documented his observations in his now much celebrated notebooks. Combining imagination with hydraulic and horticultural mastery, early Italian fountain creators transformed private villa settings into brilliant water displays filled with emblematic implications and natural wonder. The humanist Pirro Ligorio provided the vision behind the wonders in Tivoli and was celebrated for his virtuosity in archeology, architecture and garden design. For the many estates in the vicinity of Florence, other water fountain engineers were well versed in humanist subjects as well as ancient technical texts, masterminding the extraordinary water marbles, water highlights and water jokes.The Distribution of Outdoor Garden Fountain Engineering Knowledge in Europe
The Distribution of Outdoor Garden Fountain Engineering Knowledge in Europe The circulated documents and illustrated books of the day contributed to the advancements of scientific technology, and were the primary methods of spreading practical hydraulic information and water fountain ideas throughout Europe. In the late 1500's, a French water fountain developer (whose name has been lost) was the globally recognized hydraulics innovator. His know-how in creating gardens and grottoes with integrated and imaginative water fountains began in Italy and with mandates in Brussels, London and Germany. In France, near the closure of his life, he published “The Principle of Moving Forces”, a book that became the essential text on hydraulic mechanics and engineering. Modernizing principal hydraulic findings of classical antiquity, the publication also explains contemporary hydraulic technologies. Archimedes, the developer of the water screw, had his work highlighted and these included a mechanized means to move water.
Anglo-Saxon Gardens During the Norman Conquest
Anglo-Saxon Gardens During the Norman Conquest Anglo-Saxons experienced extraordinary adjustments to their daily lives in the latter half of the eleventh century due to the accession of the Normans. The talent of the Normans surpassed the Anglo-Saxons' in design and agriculture at the time of the conquest. Nonetheless the Normans had to pacify the overall territory before they could focus on home life, domestic architecture, and decoration. Castles were more standard designs and often erected on blustery hills, where their tenants spent both time and space to practicing offense and defense, while monasteries were large stone buildings, commonly located in the widest, most fruitful hollows. Gardening, a placid occupation, was unfeasible in these fruitless fortifications. The early Anglo-Norman style of architecture is symbolized in Berkeley Castle, which is conceivably the most untouched sample we have. The keep is said to date from the time of William the Conqueror. A monumental terrace serves as a deterrent to invaders who would attempt to mine the walls of the building.