Anglo Saxon Landscapes at the Time of the Norman Conquest

Anglo Saxon Landscapes at the Time of the Norman Conquest The introduction of the Normans in the second half of the 11th century irreparably altered The Anglo-Saxon lifestyle. The Normans were much better than the Anglo-Saxons at architecture and horticulture when they came into power. Anglo Saxon Landscapes Time Norman Conquest 2024189248580.jpg

Anglo Saxon Landscapes Time Norman Conquest 2024189248580.jpg

However, there was no time for home life, domesticated architecture, and adornment until the Normans had overcome the whole region. Castles were more basic designs and often erected on blustery hills, where their people spent both time and space to practicing offense and defense, while monasteries were major stone buildings, commonly situated in the widest, most fruitful hollows. The calm method of gardening was unlikely in these bleak bastions. Berkeley Castle is perhaps the most intact model in existence nowadays of the early Anglo-Norman style of architecture. The keep is rumored to have been conceived during the time of William the Conqueror. As a strategy of deterring assailants from tunneling underneath the walls, an immense terrace surrounds the building. One of these terraces, a charming bowling green, is covered grass and flanked by an ancient yew hedge cut into the form of crude battlements.

The Distribution of Outdoor Garden Fountain Engineering Knowledge in Europe

Distribution Outdoor Garden Fountain Engineering Knowledge Europe 5280115182.jpg

The Distribution of Outdoor Garden Fountain Engineering Knowledge in Europe Throughout Europe, the chief means of spreading practical hydraulic information and fountain design suggestions were the published pamphlets and illustrated publications of the day, which added to the evolution of scientific development. In the late 1500's, a French fountain designer (whose name has been lost) was the internationally recognized hydraulics leader. By designing gardens and grottoes with built-in and ingenious water attributes, he began his occupation in Italy by earning Royal mandates in Brussels, London and Germany. In France, towards the end of his life, he wrote “The Principle of Moving Forces”, a publication that became the primary text on hydraulic mechanics and engineering. Detailing modern hydraulic systems, the publication also modified critical hydraulic breakthroughs of classical antiquity. Notable among these works were those of Archimedes, the creator of the water screw, a mechanized method of transferring water. Sunlight heating up liquid in a couple of containers unseen in a room adjacent to an beautiful water feature was shown in one illustration. What occurs is the heated liquid expanded, goes up and closes up the piping heading to the fountain, thereby leading to stimulation. Pumps, water wheels, water features and garden pond designs are covered in the publication.

Aspects of Outdoor Statuary in Archaic Greece

Aspects of Outdoor Statuary in Archaic Greece The initial freestanding statuary was improved by the Archaic Greeks, a recognized achievement since until then the only carvings in existence were reliefs cut into walls and pillars. Kouros figures, sculptures of adolescent, attractive male or female (kore) Greeks, made up the bulk of the sculptures. The kouroi were believed by the Greeks to represent beauty and were sculpted with one foot leading and an uncompromising stiffness to their forward-facing poses; the male statues were always strapping, sinewy, and undressing. Aspects Outdoor Statuary Archaic Greece 6928505392.jpg

Aspects Outdoor Statuary Archaic Greece 6928505392.jpg

Life-sized versions of the kouroi appeared beginning in 650 BC. A significant time of transformation for the Greeks, the Archaic period brought about more forms of government, expressions of artwork, and a greater comprehension of people and customs outside of Greece. Battles like The Arcadian wars, the Spartan invasion of Samos, and other wars involving city-states are suggestive of the disruptive nature of the time, which was similar to other periods of historical disturbance. However, these conflicts did not significantly hinder the advancement of the Greek civilization.