Aqueducts: The Remedy to Rome's Water Troubles

Aqueducts: The Remedy to Rome's Water Troubles Previous to 273, when the first elevated aqueduct, Aqua Anio Vetus, was constructed in Rome, residents who lived on hillsides had to go even further down to gather their water from natural sources. Aqueducts: Remedy Rome's Water Troubles 53926480964161.jpg

Aqueducts: Remedy Rome's Water Troubles 53926480964161.jpg

When aqueducts or springs weren’t accessible, people living at greater elevations turned to water removed from underground or rainwater, which was made possible by wells and cisterns. Beginning in the sixteenth century, a unique strategy was introduced, using Acqua Vergine’s subterranean portions to provide water to Pincian Hill. Through its initial construction, pozzi (or manholes) were placed at set intervals alongside the aqueduct’s channel. During the roughly 9 years he had the property, from 1543 to 1552, Cardinal Marcello Crescenzi used these manholes to take water from the network in buckets, though they were initially designed for the function of cleaning and maintaining the aqueduct. The cistern he had constructed to collect rainwater wasn’t adequate to meet his water requirements. Fortunately, the aqueduct sat directly below his residence, and he had a shaft opened to give him access.

The Distribution of Outdoor Garden Fountain Engineering Knowledge in Europe

The Distribution of Outdoor Garden Fountain Engineering Knowledge in Europe Instrumental to the development of scientific technology were the published papers and illustrated books of the day. They were also the principal means of transmitting useful hydraulic facts and fountain design ideas all through Europe. An unnamed French water feature developer came to be an internationally celebrated hydraulic leader in the later part of the 1500's. With Royal mandates in Brussels, London and Germany, he started his career in Italy, developing know-how in garden design and grottoes with built-in and clever water hydraulics. Distribution Outdoor Garden Fountain Engineering Knowledge Europe 741511888393785451.jpg

Distribution Outdoor Garden Fountain Engineering Knowledge Europe 741511888393785451.jpg

The text, “The Principles of Moving Forces,” penned near the end of his lifetime in France, became the fundamental text on hydraulic mechanics and engineering. Modernizing vital hydraulic findings of classical antiquity, the publication also details contemporary hydraulic technologies. As a mechanized method to shift water, Archimedes invented the water screw, key among key hydraulic innovations. Sunlight heating up liquid in a pair of containers unseen in a room next to an decorative water fountain was presented in one illustration. The hot water expands and subsequently rises and closes the pipes consequently triggering the water feature. Pumps, water wheels, water attributes and backyard pond designs are covered in the book.

Attributes of Garden Statuary in Archaic Greece

Attributes Garden Statuary Archaic Greece 7543808881.jpg

Attributes of Garden Statuary in Archaic Greece Up until the Archaic Greeks developed the 1st freestanding sculpture, a noteworthy achievement, carvings had mostly been accomplished in walls and pillars as reliefs. For the most part the statues, or kouros figures, were of adolescent and attractive male or female (kore) Greeks. Considered by Greeks to characterize beauty, the kouroi were created into firm, forward facing positions with one foot outstretched, and the male statues were always nude, muscular, and athletic. In 650 BC, life-size models of the kouroi began to be seen. The Archaic period was an incredible point of transformation for the Greeks as they extended into new forms of government, produced fresh expressions of art, and gained information of the people and cultures outside of Greece. But in spite of the conflicts, the Greek civilization went on to advance, unabated.