The Impact of the Norman Conquest on Anglo Saxon Landscaping

The Impact of the Norman Conquest on Anglo Saxon Landscaping The Anglo-Saxon way of life was dramatically changed by the introduction of the Normans in the later eleventh century. The expertise of the Normans exceeded the Anglo-Saxons' in design and farming at the time of the conquest. But before centering on home-life or having the occasion to consider domestic architecture or decoration, the Normans had to subjugate an entire population. Most often built upon windy summits, castles were basic constructs that permitted their inhabitants to spend time and space to offensive and defensive strategies, while monasteries were rambling stone buildings generally installed in only the most fecund, extensive valleys. The sterile fortresses did not provide for the calm avocation of horticulture. The early Anglo-Norman style of architecture is depicted in Berkeley Castle, which is conceivably the most unscathed example we have. It is said that the keep was created during William the Conqueror's time. An enormous terrace encompasses the building, serving as an obstruction to attackers wanting to excavate under the castle walls. On one of these parapets is a picturesque bowling green covered in grass and surrounded by an aged hedge of yew that has been designed into coarse battlements.

How Technical Designs And Styles of Water Fountains Spread

How Technical Designs And Styles of Water Fountains Spread Instrumental to the advancement of scientific technology were the printed letters and illustrated publications of the day. They were also the primary means of transferring practical hydraulic information and water fountain design ideas throughout Europe. Technical Designs Styles Water Fountains Spread 2262289017929866466.jpg

Technical Designs Styles Water Fountains Spread 2262289017929866466.jpg

In the later part of the 1500's, a French water fountain designer (whose name has been lost) was the globally distinguished hydraulics leader. His know-how in making landscapes and grottoes with built-in and imaginative water fountains began in Italy and with mandates in Brussels, London and Germany. In France, near the end of his life, he penned “The Principle of Moving Forces”, a book that turned into the primary text on hydraulic technology and engineering. The book modified important hydraulic discoveries since classical antiquity as well as explaining contemporary hydraulic technologies. Prominent among these works were those of Archimedes, the developer of the water screw, a mechanical method of transferring water. Sunlight heating up water in a pair of containers unseen in a room adjacent to an beautiful fountain was displayed in one illustration. The end result: the water feature is activated by the hot water expanding and ascending up the pipelines. Designs for pumps, water wheels, water features and outdoor ponds are also included in the guide.

Sculpture As a Staple of Classic Art in Archaic Greece

Sculpture As a Staple of Classic Art in Archaic Greece The first freestanding sculpture was developed by the Archaic Greeks, a recognized achievement since until then the only carvings in existence were reliefs cut into walls and columns. For the most part the statues, or kouros figures, were of adolescent and nice-looking male or female (kore) Greeks. The kouroi were considered by the Greeks to typify beauty and were sculpted with one foot leading and an uncompromising rigidity to their forward-facing poses; the male statues were always strapping, sinewy, and unclothed. Life-sized versions of the kouroi appeared beginning in 650 BC. The Archaic period was an amazing time of change for the Greeks as they extended into new forms of government, formed fresh expressions of art, and gained knowledge of the people and cultures outside of Greece. Nonetheless, the Greek civilization was not slowed down by these challenges.