The Results of the Norman Invasion on Anglo Saxon Landscaping
The Results of the Norman Invasion on Anglo Saxon Landscaping Anglo-Saxons encountered incredible adjustments to their daily lives in the latter half of the eleventh century due to the accession of the Normans. Engineering and horticulture were skills that the Normans excelled in, trumping that of the Anglo-Saxons at the time of the occupation. But there was no time for home life, domestic architecture, and adornment until the Normans had overcome the whole realm. Most often designed upon windy summits, castles were basic structures that enabled their inhabitants to spend time and space to offensive and defensive programs, while monasteries were rambling stone buildings commonly placed in only the most fecund, extensive valleys. Tranquil pastimes such as gardening were out of place in these desolate citadels. The purest specimen of the early Anglo-Norman style of architecture existent in modern times is Berkeley Castle.
The keep is said to date from the time of William the Conqueror. A monumental terrace serves as a hindrance to invaders who would try to mine the walls of the building. On one of these terraces sits a stylish bowling green: it is covered in grass and flanked by an old yew hedge that is created into the shape of rough ramparts.
Decorative Garden Fountains And Their Use In The Minoan Civilization
Decorative Garden Fountains And Their Use In The Minoan Civilization Archaeological digs in Minoan Crete in Greece have uncovered several varieties of channels. These were used to supply towns and cities with water as well as to minimize flooding and remove waste. Rock and terracotta were the elements of choice for these conduits. There were clay pipes, both circular and rectangle-shaped as well as canals made from the same components.
Among these were terracotta conduits which were U shaped or a shortened, cone-like form which have exclusively appeared in Minoan society. Terracotta pipelines were laid under the floors at Knossos Palace and utilized to move water. Along with disbursing water, the terracotta pipes of the Minoans were also made use of to gather water and store it. Therefore, these piping had to be able to: Underground Water Transportation: Originally this particular system seems to have been fashioned not quite for ease but to offer water for chosen people or rites without it being seen. Quality Water Transportation: The conduits may also have been utilized to take water to water fountains which were separate from the city’s general system.
The Origins Of Fountains
The Origins Of Fountains A fountain, an amazing piece of engineering, not only supplies drinking water as it pours into a basin, it can also propel water high into the air for a noteworthy effect.From the beginning, outdoor fountains were simply there to serve as functional elements. Water fountains were connected to a spring or aqueduct to supply drinkable water as well as bathing water for cities, townships and villages.
Used until the nineteenth century, in order for fountains to flow or shoot up into the air, their source of water such as reservoirs or aqueducts, had to be higher than the water fountain in order to benefit from the power of gravity. Serving as an element of adornment and celebration, fountains also generated clean, fresh drinking water. Animals or heroes made of bronze or stone masks were often utilized by Romans to decorate their fountains. Muslims and Moorish garden designers of the Middle Ages included fountains to re-create smaller models of the gardens of paradise. King Louis XIV of France wanted to illustrate his dominion over nature by including fountains in the Gardens of Versailles. To mark the entrance of the restored Roman aqueducts, the Popes of the 17th and 18th centuries commissioned the construction of baroque style fountains in the spot where the aqueducts arrived in the city of Rome
Indoor plumbing became the main source of water by the end of the 19th century thereby limiting urban fountains to mere decorative elements. Gravity was substituted by mechanical pumps in order to permit fountains to bring in clean water and allow for amazing water displays.
These days, fountains adorn public spaces and are used to recognize individuals or events and fill recreational and entertainment needs.
Aqueducts: The Solution to Rome's Water Challenges
Aqueducts: The Solution to Rome's Water Challenges Aqua Anio Vetus, the first raised aqueduct founded in Rome, started supplying the people living in the hills with water in 273 BC, even though they had relied on natural springs up till then.
When aqueducts or springs weren’t accessible, people living at greater elevations turned to water taken from underground or rainwater, which was made available by wells and cisterns. From the early sixteenth century, water was routed to Pincian Hill through the underground channel of Acqua Vergine. Throughout the time of its original building and construction, pozzi (or manholes) were added at set intervals alongside the aqueduct’s channel. Whilst these manholes were developed to make it much easier to sustain the aqueduct, it was also feasible to use buckets to pull water from the channel, which was exercised by Cardinal Marcello Crescenzi from the time he acquired the property in 1543 to his passing in 1552. Although the cardinal also had a cistern to amass rainwater, it didn’t supply sufficient water. That is when he made a decision to create an access point to the aqueduct that ran below his property.