Water Transport Strategies in Ancient Rome

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Rome’s 1st raised aqueduct, Aqua Anio Vetus, was built in 273 BC; before that, inhabitants living at higher elevations had to depend on natural streams for their water. When aqueducts or springs weren’t easily accessible, people living at raised elevations turned to water taken from underground or rainwater, which was made possible by wells and cisterns. From the early sixteenth century, water was routed to Pincian Hill by using the underground channel of Acqua Vergine. As originally constructed, the aqueduct was provided along the length of its channel with pozzi (manholes) constructed at regular intervals. The manholes made it easier to clean the channel, but it was also possible to use buckets to extract water from the aqueduct, as we saw with Cardinal Marcello Crescenzi when he operated the property from 1543 to 1552, the year he died. He didn’t get sufficient water from the cistern that he had manufactured on his property to collect rainwater. Fortunately, the aqueduct sat under his residence, and he had a shaft opened to give him access.

The Effect of the Norman Conquest on Anglo-Saxon Gardens

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The Effect of the Norman Conquest on Anglo-Saxon Gardens The Anglo-Saxon way of life was considerably changed by the appearance of the Normans in the later eleventh century. At the time of the conquest, the Normans surpassed the Anglo-Saxons in building design and cultivation. However the Normans had to pacify the overall territory before they could focus on home life, domestic architecture, and decoration. Because of this, castles were cruder buildings than monasteries: Monasteries were frequently immense stone buildings located in the biggest and most fertile valleys, while castles were erected on windy crests where their inhabitants dedicated time and space to tasks for offense and defense. The sterile fortresses did not provide for the peaceful avocation of horticulture. The early Anglo-Norman style of architecture is portrayed in Berkeley Castle, which is perhaps the most unscathed example we have. The keep is reported to have been created during the time of William the Conqueror. A massive terrace serves as a deterrent to intruders who would attempt to mine the walls of the building. One of these terraces, a charming bowling green, is covered grass and flanked by an ancient yew hedge cut into the form of crude battlements.