An Introduction to Herbaceous Garden Plants

Aspects of Outdoor Statuary in Archaic Greece
Aspects of Outdoor Statuary in Archaic Greece Archaic Greeks were known for developing the first freestanding statuary; up until then, most carvings were made out of walls and pillars as reliefs. For the most part the statues, or kouros figures, were of adolescent and desirable male or female (kore) Greeks. The kouroi, considered by the Greeks to symbolize beauty, had one foot stretched out of a rigid forward-facing posture and the male statues were always undressed, with a powerful, powerful build. Around 650 BC, life-size versions of the kouroi began to be observed. The Archaic period was an extraordinary time of transformation for the Greeks as they grew into new modes of government, created novel expressions of art, and gained information of the people and cultures outside of Greece.
At What Point Did Water Fountains Emerge?
At What Point Did Water Fountains Emerge? Pope Nicholas V, himself a learned man, governed the Roman Catholic Church from 1397 to 1455 during which time he commissioned many translations of ancient classic Greek texts into Latin. It was imperative for him to beautify the city of Rome to make it worthy of being called the capital of the Christian world. In 1453 the Pope instigated the repairing of the Aqua Vergine, an ancient Roman aqueduct which had carried fresh drinking water into the city from eight miles away. A mostra, a monumental dedicatory fountain constructed by ancient Romans to mark the point of arrival of an aqueduct, was a custom which was revived by Nicholas V. The Trevi Fountain now occupies the space formerly filled with a wall fountain crafted by Leon Battista Albert, an architect commissioned by the Pope. The water which eventually supplied the Trevi Fountain as well as the renown baroque fountains in the Piazza del Popolo and Piazza Navona came from the modified aqueduct which he had renovated.The Origins Of Garden Fountains

From the beginning, outdoor fountains were soley there to serve as functional elements. Cities, towns and villages made use of nearby aqueducts or springs to supply them with drinking water as well as water where they could bathe or wash. Until the late 19th, century most water fountains functioned using gravity to allow water to flow or jet into the air, therefore, they needed a source of water such as a reservoir or aqueduct located higher than the fountain. Acting as an element of decoration and celebration, fountains also provided clean, fresh drinking water. Bronze or stone masks of wildlife and heroes were commonly seen on Roman fountains. During the Middle Ages, Muslim and Moorish garden planners included fountains to create mini depictions of the gardens of paradise. To show his dominance over nature, French King Louis XIV included fountains in the Garden of Versailles. The Popes of the 17th and 18th centuries were extolled with baroque style fountains made to mark the place of entry of Roman aqueducts.
The end of the 19th century saw the rise in usage of indoor plumbing to provide drinking water, so urban fountains were relegated to strictly decorative elements. Fountains using mechanical pumps instead of gravity enabled fountains to bring recycled water into living spaces as well as create special water effects.
Embellishing city parks, honoring people or events and entertaining, are some of the uses of modern-day fountains.