Aqueducts: The Solution to Rome's Water Problems
Aqueducts: The Solution to Rome's Water Problems
Aqua Anio Vetus, the first raised aqueduct founded in Rome, commenced supplying the people living in the hills with water in 273 BC, though they had counted on natural springs up till then. Over this period, there were only 2 other technologies capable of providing water to high areas, subterranean wells and cisterns, which accumulated rainwater. From the early sixteenth century, water was routed to Pincian Hill by way of the underground channel of Acqua Vergine. Spanning the length of the aqueduct’s passage were pozzi, or manholes, that gave access. During the roughly nine years he owned the residential property, from 1543 to 1552, Cardinal Marcello Crescenzi employed these manholes to take water from the network in buckets, though they were actually established for the objective of cleaning and maintenance the aqueduct. The cistern he had made to collect rainwater wasn’t satisfactory to meet his water requirements. That is when he made a decision to create an access point to the aqueduct that ran underneath his residence.
Anglo-Saxon Landscapes at the Time of the Norman Conquest
Anglo-Saxon Landscapes at the Time of the Norman Conquest The introduction of the Normans in the 2nd half of the eleventh century irreparably altered The Anglo-Saxon lifestyle. The talent of the Normans exceeded the Anglo-Saxons' in design and farming at the time of the conquest. However the Normans had to pacify the whole territory before they could concentrate on home life, domestic architecture, and decoration. Most often designed upon windy peaks, castles were straightforward structures that allowed their occupants to spend time and space to offensive and defensive strategies, while monasteries were rambling stone buildings generally added in only the most fecund, extensive valleys.
The calm practice of gardening was impractical in these bleak bastions. Berkeley Castle is perhaps the most unchanged model in existence at present of the early Anglo-Norman style of architecture. The keep is thought to date from the time of William the Conqueror. An enormous terrace encompasses the building, serving as an obstruction to attackers wanting to dig under the castle walls. On one of these parapets is a scenic bowling green covered in grass and bordered by an aged hedge of yew that has been shaped into coarse battlements.
Modern Garden Decoration: Outdoor Fountains and their Roots
Modern Garden Decoration: Outdoor Fountains and their Roots
A water fountain is an architectural piece that pours water into a basin or jets it high into the air in order to supply drinking water, as well as for decorative purposes. From the beginning, outdoor fountains were soley there to serve as functional elements. Water fountains were connected to a spring or aqueduct to supply drinkable water as well as bathing water for cities, townships and villages. Up to the late nineteenth century, water fountains had to be near an aqueduct or reservoir and more elevated than the fountain so that gravity could make the water flow downwards or shoot high into the air. Artists thought of fountains as amazing additions to a living space, however, the fountains also served to provide clean water and celebrate the artist responsible for building it. Roman fountains often depicted imagery of animals or heroes made of bronze or stone masks. During the Middle Ages, Muslim and Moorish garden planners incorporated fountains to create smaller depictions of the gardens of paradise. King Louis XIV of France wanted to demonstrate his superiority over nature by including fountains in the Gardens of Versailles. The Romans of the 17th and 18th centuries manufactured baroque decorative fountains to exalt the Popes who commissioned them as well as to mark the location where the restored Roman aqueducts entered the city.
Since indoor plumbing became the norm of the day for fresh, drinking water, by the end of the 19th century urban fountains were no longer needed for this purpose and they became purely ornamental. Fountains using mechanical pumps instead of gravity helped fountains to provide recycled water into living spaces as well as create unique water effects.
Nowadays, fountains decorate public spaces and are used to pay tribute to individuals or events and fill recreational and entertainment needs.