Anglo-Saxon Landscapes at the Time of the Norman Conquest
Anglo-Saxon Landscapes at the Time of the Norman Conquest The Anglo-Saxon way of life was significantly changed by the introduction of the Normans in the later eleventh century. The expertise of the Normans exceeded the Anglo-Saxons' in design and agriculture at the time of the conquest. However, there was no time for home life, domestic design, and adornment until the Normans had overcome the whole realm. Monasteries and castles served different functions, so while monasteries were large stone structures constructed in only the most productive, wide dales, castles were set upon blustery knolls where the residents focused on learning offensive and defensive strategies.
The calm practice of gardening was not viable in these dismal bastions. Berkeley Castle is possibly the most unchanged model in existence nowadays of the early Anglo-Norman style of architecture. The keep is said to date from William the Conqueror's time period. As a strategy of deterring attackers from tunneling beneath the walls, an immense terrace encompasses the building. One of these terraces, a charming bowling green, is covered grass and flanked by an aged yew hedge trimmed into the figure of crude battlements.
The Distribution of Water Fountain Manufacturing Knowledge in Europe
The Distribution of Water Fountain Manufacturing Knowledge in Europe Contributing to the development of scientific technology were the printed letters and illustrated publications of the time. They were also the primary means of transferring useful hydraulic ideas and water fountain design suggestions throughout Europe. An unnamed French fountain engineer became an globally celebrated hydraulic pioneer in the later part of the 1500's. By developing landscapes and grottoes with built-in and ingenious water attributes, he started off his profession in Italy by receiving Royal commissions in Brussels, London and Germany.
In France, towards the end of his lifetime, he penned “The Principle of Moving Forces”, a publication which became the fundamental text on hydraulic technology and engineering. Describing contemporary hydraulic systems, the book furthermore modernized critical hydraulic breakthroughs of classical antiquity. Archimedes, the developer of the water screw, had his work showcased and these included a mechanical means to move water. Sunlight warming liquid in a couple of containers unseen in a room adjacent to an ornamental water fountain was presented in one illustration. What occurs is the hot water expanded, rises and locks up the piping leading to the fountain, and thus leading to activation. Designs for pumps, water wheels, water attributes and garden ponds are also included in the book.