"Primitive" Greek Art: Large Statuary

"Primitive" Greek Art: Large Statuary The primitive Greeks manufactured the first freestanding statuary, an awesome achievement as most sculptures up until then had been reliefs cut into walls and pillars. Kouros figures, statues of adolescent, attractive male or female (kore) Greeks, made up the greater part of the statues. Symbolizing beauty to the Greeks, the kouroi were created to look rigid and commonly had foot forward; the males were healthy, robust, and nude. In about 650 BC, the varieties of the kouroi became life-sized. Throughout the Archaic period, a great time of change, the Greeks were evolving new forms of government, expressions of art, and a larger understanding of people and cultures outside Greece. Still, these conflicts did little to hamper the progression of the Greek civilization.

Acqua Vergine: The Remedy to Rome's Water Challenges

Acqua Vergine: The Remedy to Rome's Water Challenges With the building of the first raised aqueduct in Rome, the Aqua Anio Vetus in 273 BC, people who lived on the city’s foothills no longer had to depend strictly on naturally-occurring spring water for their requirements. When aqueducts or springs weren’t easily accessible, people living at greater elevations turned to water drawn from underground or rainwater, which was made possible by wells and cisterns. To supply water to Pincian Hill in the early 16th century, they applied the emerging tactic of redirecting the current from the Acqua Vergine aqueduct’s underground channel. As originally constructed, the aqueduct was provided along the length of its channel with pozzi (manholes) constructed at regular intervals. During the some 9 years he had the residential property, from 1543 to 1552, Cardinal Marcello Crescenzi utilized these manholes to take water from the network in buckets, though they were actually established for the objective of cleaning and maintaining the aqueduct. Whilst the cardinal also had a cistern to accumulate rainwater, it didn’t supply enough water. By using an opening to the aqueduct that flowed below his property, he was able to fulfill his water demands.

The Dissemination of Fountain Design Knowledge

The Dissemination of Fountain Design Knowledge Spreading pragmatic hydraulic facts and water feature design ideas all through Europe was accomplished with the written documents and illustrated publications of the time. An internationally celebrated leader in hydraulics in the late 1500's was a French water fountain designer, whose name has been lost to history. With imperial mandates in Brussels, London and Germany, he began his work in Italy, developing know-how in garden design and grottoes with built-in and imaginative water features. In France, near the end of his lifetime, he penned “The Principle of Moving Forces”, a book that became the essential text on hydraulic technology and engineering. Classical antiquity hydraulic breakthroughs were detailed as well as revisions to key classical antiquity hydraulic breakthroughs in the publication. Dissemination Fountain Design Knowledge 43097420342757844.jpg

Dissemination Fountain Design Knowledge 43097420342757844.jpg

Prominent among these works were those of Archimedes, the developer of the water screw, a mechanical means of moving water. Sunlight heated up the liquid in two undetectable vessels next to the decorative water feature were shown in an illustration. The heated water expands and then rises and closes the water lines consequently activating the water feature. Pumps, water wheels, water attributes and backyard pond designs are included in the publication.